Practical Primary Source Bibliography:
1. Congressional Hearings on Naturalization and Citizenship, 1921. This source is readily available online. I will be able to analyze the arguments made by law-makers and advocates.
2. Congressional Hearing on American Citizenship Rights of Women Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Immigration, 72nd Congress, 1933. This source is also available online. Although this hearing is after the Cable Act of 1922, many women lost their citizenship if they married Chinese or Japanese husbands. There is also some discussion of the children of mixed-status couples.
Oral History Source:
3. Jeannette Rankin Oral History Interviews, Bancroft Library. Jeannette Rankin introduced legislation that would allow women to retain their citizenship. These interview transcripts are located at Berkeley, and they might include more information about Rankin’s efforts to challenge the Expatriation Act of 1907.
Online Newspaper Sources:
4. Ban on foreign Marriages.: AMERICAN NATION HAS LOST $900,000,000 IN THIS WAY IN THE LAST DECADE.
The Washington Post (1877-1922); Jan 26, 1908; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Washington Post pg. M4
This newspaper made the economic argument, which could mean that lawmakers wanted to target higher class women. America had lost $900,000 in money because wealthy American women had married foreigners. Representative Sabath of Chicago assumed that women would not be happy with foreigners
5. “Mainly About Women.: The Average Woman. Women as Citizens.”
Boston Daily Globe (1872-1922); Jul 29, 1908; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The Boston Globe pg. 10
- Article detailing what was expected of a female citizen in 1908. Could be used along with other sources to contextualize the pushback suffragists received. Available online through ProQuest.
6. CAN’T BE YANKEE PEERESS: SENATE PASSES EXPATRIATION BILL WHICH HITS WOMEN
Chicago Daily Tribune (1872-1922); Feb 28, 1907; ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chicago Tribune pg. 7
- Article that talks about the background of the bill, specifically says it affects women. Talks about the 5 year expatriation part of the bill. Available online through ProQuest.
Source: http://search.proquest.com/docview/173333921/274FB2472B2B4086PQ/7?accountid=14026
7. THE NEW LAWS RELATIVE TO AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP: CHILDREN OF CITIZENS ...
The North - China Herald and Supreme Court & Consular Gazette (1870-1941); Feb 28, 1908;
ProQuest Historical Newspapers: Chinese Newspapers Collection pg. 492
- Article from an English-language newspaper in Shanghai, one of the most influential foreign newspapers during its time. Important because this was probably one of the sources that reached the Chinese population.
Source: http://search.proquest.com/docview/1369519686/274FB2472B2B4086PQ/2?accountid=14026
8. Mackenzie v. Hare 1919. Supreme Court case, Ethel Mackenzie was born in the US and married a British national. She went to register to vote and they told her she was not a citizen. She argued that she could not be denied the right to vote under the 14th amendment. The court said that 'that the intention of Congress was solely to legislate concerning the status of citizens abroad and the questions arising by reason thereof.’
Source: https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/239/299
9. Deportation Case of Louise Comacho 1931. The INS began deportation proceedings because Louise Comacho was a prostitute, but she was born in Illinois. She found out that she lost citizenship because she married a man who turned out to be a Mexican national. Source must be acquired through the USCIS.
10. Truiano v. Truiano. American citizen wife claimed that her husband lied to her about being an American citizen. She asked for an annulment because she lost her citizenship. There are many summaries of the case online, will look for a more primary source.
Wishlist Primary Source Bibliography:
- California Federation of Women’s Clubs records 1900-2000 at UC Santa Cruz Special Collections
- General Board Meeting Notes, from 1906- 1922 in National Council of Jewish Women San Francisco Section Records, 1897-2010, bulk 1920-2010. Bancroft Library
- Hong Family Papers, 1906-2006, Huntington Library
- Jeannette Rankin Papers, 1916-1919, Montana Historical Society, Research Center Archives. Writings on citizenship legislation regarding American women married to aliens. http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv99526
Primary Source Analysis:
Ban on foreign Marriages.: AMERICAN NATION HAS LOST $900,000,000 IN THIS WAY IN THE LAST DECADE. The Washington Post (1877-1922); Jan 26, 1908;
I wanted to pay specific attention to the part that outlines the mentality of if we can’t have "our" women, then "foreigners" can’t have them either. According to the article, “the American men are good enough for any girls,” Americans “make them happy, something foreigners do not.” How did this protective mentality develop? In this article, they were most likely talking about wealthy, white "Americanized" women who married foreign nationals. Did they have this protective mentality with marginalized groups like African American, Mexican, or Chinese women? Were foreign marriages at the time mostly arranged? How many were by choice?
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